Carl Rogers Theory of Personality - 2519 Words

Carl Rogers Introduction Carl Rogers is among the small group of enlightened, visionary individuals that stand as giants in the field of psychology. Due to the theories that Rogers developed not only in psychology but in theories of education, he is considered, as Constance Holden writes, †¦one of the grand old men of American psychology and a leading figure in the postwar development of humanistic psychology (Holden, 1997, p. 31). This paper reviews his theory of personality, his approach to therapy and the contributions he made to the field of psychology as a whole. Rogers Theory of Personality Rogers theory of personality was actually a theory that embraces providing the client with a †¦roadway toward self-actualization†¦ as an unfolding process of self-discovery and self-awareness, according to Jeffrey S. Nevid (Nevid, 2011, p. 403). Rogers believed that personality is expressed through †¦conscious experience of directing ourselves toward fulfilling our unique potentials as humans (Nevid, 403). The self is the center of the human experience, Rogers posited, and while that does not seem very original or unique as an idea, the psychologist went on to explain that self is the executive part of your personality (Nevid, 403). That is, the executive part of the personality like the executive in a corporation organizes things. In this case the executive part sifts out how the person relates to the world as I or me that individual that looks back at you in theShow MoreRelatedThe Theory Of Personality : Carl Rogers846 Words   |  4 PagesPsychology Assessment Carl Rogers was a humanistic psychologist who developed the theory of personality. This theory helps us to understand human behaviour by looking at a person’s self-image and their actions and therefore shows that everyone is different. Rogers believed that people can achieve self-actualization through unconditional positive regard, congruence and genuineness. (McLeod, 2014) Self-actualization is when a person can reach their full potential and this happens when their self-imageRead MorePersonality Theory Bandura Carl Rogers3322 Words   |  14 PagesRunning head: Albert Bandura Carl Rogers Compare and Contrast Social Cognitive and Humanistic Theories of Personality to the case study entitled Myesha Course: PSCY3017 Personality Theory II Personality is an intriguing component in psychology vital for the perception of human beings. Understanding and defining personality has proven to be a difficult task. It is so complex, in fact, that no single theory can adequately define it. If one was to ask an ordinaryRead MoreCarl Rogers and His Theory of Personality Essays3414 Words   |  14 PagesCarl Rogers (1902-1987) was ‘the most influential psychologist in American history’ (Kirshenbaum, 1989:11). Since the study of personality began, personality theorists have offered a wide assortment of explanations about behaviour and about what constructs a person. Carl Rogers was the main originator of the ‘person centred’ approach, also referred to as the ‘nondirective’ or ‘client centred’ approach. This essay will offer a brief description about some of the main concepts in Carl Rogers’ personRead MorePersonality Theory: Victor Frankl vs Carl Rogers Essay2368 Wor ds   |  10 PagesPERSONALITY THEORY Ââ€" CARL ROGERS AND VICTOR FRANKL Why is it that man lives up to a certain point not knowing what the meaning of life is. Not knowing what path to follow, not knowing if the energy and courage to discover the truths of ones own existence in this world exist. Some persons will drive past a street child on Cape Town roads and look sideways in horror, quickly lock a car door with an unapparent elbow; warm, safe, and comfortable in the interior of a brand new sports model car. OthersRead MoreCarl Rogers’ Theory Of Personality. Personality Theories1093 Words   |  5 PagesCarl Rogers’ Theory of Personality Personality theories suggest explanations for behaviors and how to change them. Multiple personality theories exist however one of the most interesting is the theory of personality by Carl Rogers. Rogers writes, â€Å"the core of man’s nature is essentially positive† (1961, p.73). â€Å"Carl Ransom Rogers (January 8,1902- February 4, 1987) was an influential American psychologist who, along with Abraham Maslow founded the humanistic approach to psychology† (â€Å"Carl,† 2017,Read MorePsychodynamic And Humanistic Theories Of Psychology1634 Words   |  7 PagesPsychodynamic and Humanistic Personality Theories The study of the human mind is an interesting topic to discuss about, we have many theorists that have come up with many different ideas or theories, in how to evaluate the mind of humans, two main ways to study the mind in psychology are psychodynamic approach and humanistic approach. Even though these theories are to evaluate human minds they have different views in how the mind works. In psychodynamic approach, the way the mind is viewed is thatRead MoreSigmund Freud And Humanistic Theories Of Psychology1636 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction The reading of personality has a thick layer of theories in psychology and is one of the most important fragments of psychological history to this day. This paper will compare and contrast the differences between the great theories of the psychodynamic theory from Sigmund Freud and the humanistic theory from Carl Rogers. These two theorists have different views of how personality is developed, with both theorists influencing the world of psychological personality to this day. Disputes betweenRead MoreComparison of Theories on Personality Essay examples1273 Words   |  6 PagesComparison of Theories on Personality Abstract This paper is a comparison of three different viewpoints on the subject of personality. Carl Jung, B.F. Skinner, and Carl Rogers all had very different outlooks on what defined someone’s personality. As an added feature I have included myself as a theorist because my views are also different from the previous mentioned theorists. This paper will also look briefly into the background of each theorist because their views on life began in theirRead MoreCarl Rogers : A Humanistic Approach1295 Words   |  6 Pagessuch as Carl Rogers, who believe that people needed to be self-centered. As a result he created what is known today as the self-centered theory. Carl Rogers believed that being self-centered is essential to the client’s personal growth of self-esteem. Rogers’s theory can be broken down into many steps. All of these steps help the main purpose of his work, self-concept. This theory consists of many components all starting with this basics of his approach. Carl Roger’s self-centered theory was accreditedRead MoreFreuds and Rogers Theories of Personality Psychotherapy1004 Words   |  4 PagesFreuds and Rogers Theories Personality Psychotherapy A comparison of Freud and Rogers theories of personality and psychotherapy Personality is the description of an individual through how the individual demonstrates his or her emotions and building relationship and their behavioral patterns. Two neurologists developed two theories to explain the formation of personalities. They were neurologist Sigmund Freud and psychologist Carl Rogers. Rogers and Freud worked in the field of psychotherapy

Steven Spielberg Essay - 726 Words

Steven Spielberg nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;As a kid in Phoenix, Steven Spielberg charged admission to his home movies while his sister sold popcorn. Although Spielberg excelled at making movies he was not a good student. He hated school and was one of the most unathletic students there. His movie making career began at the age of twelve when his father bought a movie camera that Spielberg used all the time. Instead of doing his school work he was using the camera. While he was working with his mom and sister on his projects, his father helped him make miniature sets out of paper mache.He turned out his first production, with script and actors, when he was thirteen, and a year later he won a prize for a forty minute war movie titled†¦show more content†¦nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;However, he followed Close Encounters with the disastrous Movie, 1941, which was his first attempt at comedy and his first true failure. He didnt take long to regain his form, both commercially and artistically. Teaming up with his pal George Lucas (whose Star Wars came out the same year as Close Encounters, and made even more money), Spielberg created an action-adventure picture based on the old continuing stories, better known as serials, that they both loved as kids. Called Raiders of the Lost Ark and detailing the adventures of an archaeologist named Indiana Jones, it earned him another Best Director nomination and made a ton of money at the box office. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;A year later, Spielberg surpassed not only himself but Lucass Star Wars--his E.T. The Extra-Terrestrial was one of the biggest domestic moneymakers of all time. Further profiting as a producer of other directors hits (including Poltergeist and Back to the Future), Spielberg became one of the richest men in Hollywood. In 1984, he created his own independent company, Amblin Entertainment, and the following year, reacting to criticism that he couldnt make an adult picture, he attempted The Color Purple. Criticized for sentimentalizing the material, he was publicly embarrassed when the film pulled down eleven Oscar nominations, but not one for its direction. In a goodwill gesture, though, the Academy came through forShow MoreRelated Steven Spielberg Essay1491 Words   |  6 PagesSteven Spielberg It is hard to imagine a person who has not heard of Steven Spielberg. He is one of the most renown, if not the most renown, American filmmakers of the century. His films have captivated and helped develop imaginations of contemporary society and remain among the most successful films ever made. Spielberg was born in Cincinnati on December 18th, 1946. His father was an electrical engineer, and his mother a concert pianist. Steven seemed to get the best elements from bothRead MoreThe Wallpaper Of Purple By Steven Spielberg1426 Words   |  6 Pagesmovie that jumpstarted Steven Spielberg’s career in the film industry, then The Color Purple was the movie that was able to distinguish Steven from any other movie director during the time. All of Spielberg’s movies prior to 1985 were generally movies of either action packed adventure or unnerving horror, but once Steven Spielberg announced that he would be doing a movie based on Alice Walker’s book, The Color of Purple, no one knew what to expect. Jump 31 years later, Steven Spielberg’s The ColorRead MoreA Brief Look at Steven Spielberg1726 Words   |  7 PagesSteven Allan Spielberg is known worldwide as a screenwriter, producer and one of Americas most successful filmmakers. His 20 highest-grossing films grossed 8.45 billion. He is a three-time winner of the Oscar Award, twice as the best director of the year. Spielberg was born on December 18, 1946 in Cincinnati (Ohio, USA), the son of a Jewish family engineer Arnold Spielberg and professional pianist Leah Adler (nee Posner).The mother had to give up the idea of her career for education of four childrenRead MoreSchindlers List by Steven Spielberg746 Words   |  3 PagesGood morning/afternoon, today I will be analysing a scene from Steven Spielberg’s master piece film Schindler’s List. Movie extraordinaire Steven Spielberg, who is a world renown director of countless memorable films, show cases his incredible skill and compelling power towards the audience, without using any dialogue in the most pivotal character development scene in Schindler’s List. Referred too, by the audience as ‘The girl in red’. Before I delve in to the depths of this scene and why it isRead MoreThe Lost Boy By Steven Spielberg2074 Words   |  9 Pages There is no flowing current throughout Spielberg’s filmography quite like the Lost Boy; the ultimate lost boy being Steven Spielberg himself. As a result of moving often in his formidable years, he was always the new kid. His father, who he described as a workaholic, was often absent. The absence only grew after his parents divorced. Considered a nerd by many of his classmates, even called ‘Spielbug’ behind his back, he found solace in the world of film. In 1958, to satisfy the quest for a meritRead MoreThe Acclaimed Director Steven Spielberg545 Words   |  2 PagesSteven Spielberg Steven Spielberg over the years has become one of the world’s most acclaimed directors, some of his more famous films, such Jaws, E.T, and Jurassic Park, broke the current box office records that were set at the time. But the path to successes was not always easy for him. In 1946, Spielberg began his life in the Ohio city of Cincinnati. He was born into a Jewish family, and moved to New Jersey, and Arizona in the process of his childhood. In his early teens he began making armatureRead MoreSteven Spielberg s Film Jaws2274 Words   |  10 PagesSteven Spielberg’s film â€Å"JAWS† (1975), (Spielberg/Universal), uses the motif of an essentially unseen shark, ominously present through unpredictable displays of terrifying violence, to sculpt a message about good, evil, power, arrogance, and vanity within the hegemony of small-town middle class America. Spielberg markets this â€Å"High Concept† (Cook 40), film and its nationalist ideals on a story that is principally based on one image, the shark, and the fallibility of the human decision making processRead More Steven Spielberg Biography Essay example2581 Words   |  11 PagesSteven Spielberg Biography Steven Spielberg: Revolutionary and Visionary Who would have thought that a brilliant career in filmmaking could have originated with a modest jar of Skippy Peanut Butter smeared on a neighbor’s window in a tiny Cincinnati suburb? One might not think that such an average boyhood prank could evolve a boy into a man who would become the most financially successful film director in history. Well, that is exactly where Leah Spielberg, Steven Spielberg’s motherRead MoreSteven Spielberg : Postmodern Auteur And Constructor1812 Words   |  8 PagesJessica Tang CTCS469 Professor Casper 18 October 2017 Steven Spielberg: Postmodern Auteur and Constructor In a 1977 interview with Steven Spielberg, the young filmmaker mused, â€Å"I think in a way I’m two different people; my instincts always commandeer my sensibilities, or my intellect is always beaten down by my instincts† (36). Spielberg’s prognosis is accurate – Spielberg’s creative instincts and business sensibilities balance each other, laying the foreground for his present prominence as bothRead MoreSteven Spielberg s Jaws And Jurassic Park984 Words   |  4 PagesSteven Spielberg is a director who has made many movies including Jaws (1975) and Jurassic Park (1993). Both Jaws and Jurassic Park show animals behaving in the way that nature intended them to behave. However, in Jaws the animal finds himself trapped in an unnatural environment, an inlet where humans swim. In Jurassic Park, animals that became extinct millions of years ago, dinosaurs, also find themselves in unnatural environment occupied by humans. I want to compare these two movi es because I

Charlotte Perkin’s Universal Truth Charlotte Perkin Gilman Free Essays

Charlotte Perkin’s Universal Truth Charlotte Perkin Gilman is internationally known for her short story, â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper†. Gilman was born on July 3, 1860. After marriage, she endured depressions several times shortly after her first daughter was born. We will write a custom essay sample on Charlotte Perkin’s Universal Truth Charlotte Perkin Gilman or any similar topic only for you Order Now Gilman suffered from mental breakdowns which soon lead to melancholia. Her personal experiences, dealing with post-partum depression, are what inspired Gilman to write the story, â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper†. This story revolves around the main character, Jane, and how she copes with her illness. Jane suffers from post-partum depression, and to â€Å"cure† this illness, she is kept isolated from the world. In this short story there are many influences that impact the conflict of the story. Social influences are present in the story as Jane is kept isolated from the world. Also, cultural events in the story, related to the Victorian era, when women were treated unequally, built up the storyline. Finally, several personal events in Gilman’s past are shown throughout the story and add to the story’s conflict. Therefore, Charlotte Perkin Gilman incorporates several aspects of her own life into her short story, â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† that becomes evident through the explanation of the Gilman’s universal truth that treating women inhumanely will only result in negative outcomes; it is the reverse cure for an illness. To begin with, social influences in the story, such as the isolation of Jane to cure her post-partum depression is clear in the story because Jane was separated from the world and is forbidden to live her life. In the story, Jane is not allowed out of her room, but in fact, she is kept isolated. The isolation of Jane is evident in the text when Jane states†¦. Gilman is also isolated from society because she is forbidden to do daily activities that she admires. The wise man that treats Gilman applies the rest cure on her and sends her home forbidding her from work, which in Gilman’s belief, brings joy to one’s mind. This is evident and shown in the text because Jane is to â€Å"never to touch pen, brush, or pencil again as long as [she] lives†. According to the â€Å"wise man†, isolating Gilman from everything is supposed to cure her illness, when in fact stopping one from doing as one desires will only worsen circumstances. The isolation of Jane and Charlotte Perkin Gilman herself explains Gilman’s universal truth that treating women inhumanely will only worsen conditions. In the story, Jane is treated in such a manner which only worsens her condition. She is kept isolated from the world and from doing activities that she feels the need to which add on to Gilman’s illness. In conclusion, men and women should be treated equally; treating one brutally will only lead to worsen and create bigger problems. In The Yellow Wallpaper, there are many influences that impact the story’s conflict. Social influences are evident in the story as Jane is isolated from society. Also, beliefs from the Victorian era on how women should be treated are revealed in the story. Cultural influences, the belief that man are more dominating or women are also present in the story as John looks down to Jane. Lastly, Personal influences are shown and evident in the story as Gilman’s personal experiences are reflected in the story. This short story is very significant because it shows how some treatments can lead to worsen conditions. The physician advises that Jane be kept away and isolated from any friends and family, and activities. Doing so, only worsens Jane’s condition because she became so caught up in her own world that she begins to see creatures and shapes in the yellow wallpaper. This eventually drives her to become insane. Jane does not live a healthy life because she is not allowed to socialize with anyone, live her life and breathe freely. In order for one to live a healthy life, one needs social, physical and mental relief. Therefore, in this story, Gilman proves her universal truth that women need to be treated humanely to live a healthy life; otherwise, conditions will only worsen. Work Cited How to cite Charlotte Perkin’s Universal Truth Charlotte Perkin Gilman, Essay examples

Importance of Cooperative law

Questions: (1). Indri runs a soil-testing business. He decides to form a company to take over the business. He is the sole shareholder and sole director. Indri sells his business to the company at an inflated price and lends the company $90,000 to help meet the cost of purchase. As security for the loan, Indri arranges a mortgage over a vacant block of land, which he transferred to the company as part of the business sale. In the first year of operation, the business makes a small profit (after paying both Indri and his 20 daughter's wages), but by the end of 2012 it is clear that the building industry is going through a major slump. Indri becomes desperate and works even harder. While working late into the night, Indri badly lacerates his hand and needs micro-surgery. His efforts to keep the business afloat are in vain and the company is forced into liquidation. On realisation of the assets, it is found that the company has approximately $95,000 to go towards meeting creditors' claims of $210, 000: (a) If Indri is the only secured creditor, will he get back his $90,000? (b) Can Indri claim workers' compensation, assuming that he is otherwise entitled to it? (2). Mr Shifty, Ms Avoider and Mr Marginal call to make an appointment with your firm, Fees Ruthless, solicitors. You have been asked to establish their new company (No-Tax Agents Pty Ltd). You advise them not to bother with their own constitution, but instead to rely on the replaceable rules in the Corporations Act. Advise who should be appointed as directors of their company in view of the following information: (a) Mr Shifty states that he does not want to be appointed a director or secretary. He suggests instead that: his family company be appointed as a director; and the company not have a company secretary; (b) Ms Avoider is currently unavailable for meetings as she has five months still to serve for her last conviction for falsifying company accounts; Mr Marginal is 72 years old and has Alzheimer's disease. A trustee has been appointed to administer his estate. Assume that Mr Shifty's family company subsequently goes into liquidation. In her report to ASIC, the liquidator states that the secured creditors have been repaid in full, but the unsecured creditors will not receive more than 20 cents in the dollar. The liquidator does not find any evidence of wrongdoing on the part of Mr Shifty or any of his fellow directors. What (if any) ramifications does this have for Mr Shifty, assuming that ASIC's records show that Mr Shifty has, over the last nine months, had a similar track record with two other small, proprietary companies? (3). Alan and Bill are the only shareholders and directors of Sailaway Pty Ltd (Sailaway) which distributes and sells yachting clothing and equipment. As well as a warehouse and attached shop, Sailaway owns a large block of waterfront land which it uses for storage. Alan is also the chairman and majority shareholder of Broadacres Pty Ltd (Broadacres) which buys rural land for subdivision into hobby farms. Broadacres needs to borrow $1.5 million to fund its latest purchase. It already has a large overdraft and has no unencumbered assets to use as security for another loan. Alan organised a loan of $1.5 million to Broadacres from ABC Finance Ltd (ABC Finance) on the basis that Sailaway would guarantee the loan by executing a mortgage over its waterfront land. Alan signed the mortgage documents as a director of Sailaway and forged Bill's signature as the other signatory. Tom, the local manager of ABC Finance, had been involved in earlier dealings with Sailaway and knew that its business did not include property development. However, Tom was away at the time the documents and the transactions were organised by a relieving manager who did not ask any questions about Sailaway's involvement. Broadacres is now in financial difficulties and has defaulted on the loan from ABC Finance. ABC Finance is seeking to enforce its rights under the mortgage against Sailaway. Advise Sailaway whether it is bound by the mortgage. (4). Andy, Bob and Chris were old school friends. Bob and Chris were running a surf shop together. The business was having financial difficulties. Andy had recently inherited a lot of money and Bob and Chris asked him to lend the business $100,000 to enable them to buy sufficient stock for the summer season. Andy wanted to help his friends but also wanted to ensure that he would get his money back.He agreed to lend Bob and Chris the money in return for a payment of $10,000 per year out of the gross returns of the shop. The terms of the loan also provided that Bob and Chris would consult Andy about any major contracts entered into by the business and gave him a right to inspect the accounts at regular intervals. Discuss whether or not a partnership exists between Andy, Chris and Bob. Would it make any difference if the terms of the loan provided for Andy to be paid $10,000 per year out of the profits of the business? Answers: (1). (a). As stated in the context that indri is the owner of the soil testing business. It is learnt that he is both the sole director and shareholder of the company. As stated in the context that he is sole director of the company, in accordance with the companies act 2006 he has managed to undertake the responsibilities of the business and holding discussion with the company secretary under the companies act 2006. As per the rule of stated in the section 11(1) of the company Directors Disqualification act 1986 it states that the directors of the company should not be under the situation where they are in Bankrupt condition. The company in which Indri holds the position of director is a sole proprietor company and Indri has given a loan of about $90,000 to the company and it was learn in the meeting that Indri sold his soil testing business to incur the cost of purchase. As the Indri is the sole director of the company but though the company has another identity where the shares, funds and assets of the companies cannot be regarded as his own. So indri provided the company with loan by keeping his vacant block of land under mortgage for security reasons. It was learnt that during the initial stages the company was generating profit, however, from the year 2012 it was learnt the company started incurring loss and was in liquidation situation. It was learnt that Indri is considered as the only creditor who is secured and has the legal right to get back his $90,000 from company under the consumers credit act section 75. However, it was learn that if the companies moves to the court and ask for some time, perhaps court can grant the appeal of the company under the Bankruptcy Act 1914. According to the company act 2006, it states that the company will be granted time to pay off their debt to the creditors but this can only be possible after a proper investigation is conducted. However, Indri being a creditor has to wait to get back his due amount of money (Al-Hawamdeh et al., 2013). (b). A worker can claim for compensation from the company when he fall ill by doing the work of the company during the course of employment. The company is held Vicarious Liable on the occurrence of such event as the employees are employed during the course of employment. In such event the company is under the liability to compensate the workers. It is evident that if the workers falls ill or meets with some unforeseen circumstances during the course of employment has the right to claim for compensation. However, it is learnt that Indri is the only director of the company and the organisation is currently under the proprietorship so Indri cannot claim for the compensation of workers. In the current scenario, it is learnt that due to high pressure in work Indri fell ill and had to undergo microsurgery operation and the insurance company will be compensating Indri for his surgery rather than claiming for the compensation under the workman compensation act being the sole director of the company. (2). Section 201 G of the corporation act 2001 describes the replaceable rules for the appointment of the director by the company under the companys act of managing directors 201 J. Such rules forms the basis of replaceable rule under the corporation act 2001 subsection 135 and 136. The case study reflects that Miss Avoider has been busy for a period of five month due to the conviction of accounts and Mr. Marginal who has been suffering from unstable mental condition due to the contamination of Alzheimers and he cannot be considered for the director post due to his unsound mind. In such a situation is best for the company to appoint Mr. Shifty as the director of the company as it has been clearly stated that Mr shifty does not want to be the director of the company but he wants the responsibility to be shouldered by some other person of his family members. On the other hand, it is observed that none of his family members is eligible to be the director of the company and he is the only per son who can be appointed as the director of the company. It must also be considered under the replaceable rules of the corporation act Mr. Shifty can appoint other person as a director of the company on the basis of 201 H. As per the rules Miss Avoider can be appointed as the director to carry on the responsibility of the company after the expiration of five years (Ashraf, 2012). Under the Corporation Act 2001 ASIC it is mandatory for the companies to maintain every record which has been clearly stated in the Section 286 (1). It also states that financial records should be maintained by the company to determine the financial position of the organisation. Under Section 9 of the Corporation Act 2001 cheques, bill of exchange, promissory notes for payment and vouchers of the transaction should be recorded and preserved accordingly. Section 288 states that financial transaction can be maintained in electronic format. It also states that the balance sheet should also be supported by financial transactions like balance sheet, profit and loss account, depreciation, income tax, business tax, superannuation tax etc should form a part of such balance sheet. It is advisable for the company to maintain the list of customers files, creditors record along with stock listing should be kept under observation so that it can be used in future to determine the financial aspects when the organisation is incurring profit or loss. According to the assumption it is noticed that Mr.Shiftys is incurring loss in his business and the creditors are claiming for their debts however ASIC is under obligation to maintain a record and obtain when required. However, it is found that ASICs if performs a detailed investigation and observes that Mr. Shifty has no fault than the creditors cannot claim for their debt from the company. On the other hand maintaining a track record with the other small proprietor company cannot be checked as per the ASIC record as it is the rule of the corporation act that small scale companies and proprietor companies should kept under the ASIC record. So if the business suffers from any unforeseen circumstances then it cannot be investigated due to the lack of evidence and record (Nahar, 2015). (3). According to the case study it is known that Alan and Bill are the shareholders and directors of Sail way Pvt Ltd. The company is under the partnership form of business run by two members. It is also noted that Alan holds the position of chairman and shares of another company which is named as Broad acres pvt ltd. Alan has equal share of responsibility in both the organisation but recently it was seen that Broad acres needs money. In order to get the required fund Alan took a loan of $1.5 million from ABC finance and presented Sail way pvt ltd as the guarantor for the loans by taking a forge signature of bill. He also kept waterfront land of Sail Pvt ltd in the form of mortgage without the permission of Bill. However it is considered as a wrongful act since the assets of the partnership business is jointly held by both Alan and Bill and involves the decision of both members (Mason, 2012). In the present case Alan performs a breach of contract under the partnership act which is punishable under the law. He is also liable to be held as guilty for taking a forged signature, which is an offence of breach of trust and is punishable under the law. However, difficulties of Broad acres have started coming up when the ABC financing started claiming the rights of mortgage in the form of creditors. In this situation Sail way pvt ltd cannot be entirely held responsible as it bound by mortgage as Bill who is also the another director of the company is unaware of the mortgage and loan taken by the Alan from ABC financing company. Perhaps the company is not bound to give the mortgage property to the creditor whereas Alan is personally liable for his acts and he is under obligation to pay loan to ABC finance by himself. The companies act 1956 states that if Alan is unable to pay the loan of the mortgage then his company will be sealed by the government or because of the forgery conducted by him is punishable under the law (Keay, 2015). According to the consumer credit act section 75 ABC finance can claim for their debt from Alan who is partially responsible and will be sued in the court of law because of his act of forgery which has jeopardise the company existence. The act requires that Partnership Company is bound to follow rules in order to facilitate proper functioning of the organisation. However, it is noted to gain unnecessary advantage of one company Broad acres pvt ltd Alan has kept risk of another organisation where Bill who is innocent has been harmed and he has the right to sue Alan for his act of negligence of tort. Hence, the act of forgery is considered as one of the main reason for damaging the business. (4). According to the case study, it states that a partnership is formed between Andy, Bob and Chris where a contract for deal is formed between the trios who are need for money in order to accumulate stock of the organisation. However, it was noted in the contract for business that Andy will be financing but the account details of the company are to be given to him. It also states that before performing any act of business, it has to be consulted from him and a payment of $10,000 per annum should be given to him. It is also states that if any breach of contract is performed than it can ask for penalty or even sue Bob and Chris in accordance with the law. Andy is not only the partner of the company he is also the creditor of Chris and Bob and in order to generate profit three of the friends are performing the business activities. The law states that breaching of rules cannot be negotiated in such scenario Andy can act as a creditor for reforming the act under the companys act 2006. The act also provides him with facilities to sue both Chris and Bob lawfully. In addition to this, if the terms are fulfilled than Andy will get more revenues because of the rule of the business as he will be considered as the decision maker and along with this, he will enjoy profits generated by the company in greater amount, which will be more than the amount from Bob and Chris. This is due to the financial stability of the organisation and the power of authority, which is more than his friends are. Therefore, in this scenario Andy can do any such activity which will help in maintaining the stability of the business in order to generate the profit for the business along with his own personal purpose (Lowry, 2012). Such authority makes his role different from the other business partner. It is also noteworthy to determine that he can gain a profit of $10,000 per annum, which forms the part of the condition in accordance with the financial contact, which is made between his friends. The contract also states that the directorship and the shareholding aspect of the business is shared between the three members. However, in this case if the business occurs to be in loss or comes to dissolution, then in such scenario he is not under the obligation to claim for compensation from his partners as he is also the member of the business. Such scenario will eventually lead to loss of money, which he has given in the form of debt to other partners of the business. Reference List: Al-Hawamdeh, A., Chiu, I. H., Goergen, M., Mallin, C., Mitleton-Kelly, E. (2013). The interpretation of the director's duty under section 172 Companies Act 2006: insights from complexity theory.Journal of Business Law,4, 417-433. Ashraf, T. (2012). Directors' duties with a particular focus on the Companies Act 2006.International Journal of Law and Management,54(2), 125-140. Barbu, E. M., Dumontier, P., Feleag, N., Feleag, L. (2014). Mandatory environmental disclosures by companies complying with IASs/IFRSs: The cases of France, Germany, and the UK.The International Journal of Accounting,49(2), 231-247. Brown, A. (2014). ASIC: Schedule B reports: What we do with them and improving outcomes.Australian Insolvency Journal,26(4), 40. Brown, A. (2014). ASIC: The Senate inquiry into the performance of ASIC. Chan, D. T., Hui, L. C., Yiu, S. M. (2014, July). Assessing cryptographic signature schemes from a legal perspective. InPrivacy, Security and Trust (PST), 2014 Twelfth Annual International Conference on(pp. 322-329). IEEE. Douglas, K. J. (2015).The termination of the duty and authority of a bank to honour its customer's cheques and other instructions for payment, including the broader implications for a bank of Sections 341 (2) and 348 of the Companies Act 1973(Doctoral dissertation). Keay, A. (2015). Assessing and rethinking the statutory scheme for derivative actions under the Companies Act 2006.Journal of Corporate Law Studies, 1-30. Kelly, A. (2015). Consumer credit law: Payday lending practices: Why unethical loans are harming the vulnerable. Lowry, J. (2012). Codifying the corporate opportunity doctrine: The (UK) Companies Act 2006.Int'l Rev. L., 1. Mason, S. (2012).Electronic signatures in law. Cambridge University Press. Mittal, I. (2016). Problems and challenges in implementation of consumer protection act. Nahar, N. S. (2015). 038_Investigation into the Affairs of Companies under the Companies Act, 1956.

The climax of the Millers Tale Essay Example

The climax of the Millers Tale Paper During the climax of the Millers Tale, Chaucer incorporates a kind of bowdy humor that makes the whole tale seem as though it is a comedy that just entertains the reader as a kind of prelude for the rest of the Tales in the Cabterbury Tales it self. The whole ending to the reader may just seem an elaborate ending to a tale that seems to stem from a kind of perverted mind at the times of Chaucer. The setting of the time is very important as it shows that the old days in which Chaucer lived in was not all the stereotypical ideas that many hold today and have been exploited by film makers as well. The ending and the tale show that the people of those times were not all that afraid of the kind of sexual ness that people are subjected our days. And the climax shows that a humorous society may have lived during the time and may have embraced the magnitude of the humor that Chaucer implies to the ending of the Tale The ending of the Tale is quite vivid. It figures Absalon, Nicholas and John as well as Alison. What befalls Nicholas is quite funny at first glance as a hot poker is shoved up his arse And he was redy with his iren hoot, And Nicholas amide the ers he smoot. We will write a custom essay sample on The climax of the Millers Tale specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The climax of the Millers Tale specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The climax of the Millers Tale specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer By Absalon, due to the fact that Nicholas tried to trick him again with the same trick as before. This is funny but shows an element of surprise as Hende Nicholas is a scolar and a learned person but it prompts the question Why didnt he be original and tries another trick that may not have been so easily foreseen by Absalon. This shows that Chaucer may have just incorporated the idea that learned people at the time could also be fools and could have been bettered. Also the fact that John has already been bested and is made out to be an ignorant person he is also made out to be a crazy person who the whole town see as a fool. The folk gan laughen at his fantasie Now in those times we would expect different stories to be about the sacrifices if great honorable heroes for God, which was displayed in The Knights Tale. The fact that the two endings contrast as being opposite means the Chaucer has cleverly used the different concepts to shows what the people were really like in those days. As a difference to those in service to God the other people did enjoy a kind of sexual desire that most people experience these days. And the ending shows that a kind of humorous society lived that would accept some things that we might not have expected at the time. They would accept some kind of humor as long as it did step over the limit that most people expected at the time. This tale actually shows Chaucer as a kind of adventurous person who would like to show what qualities and talent he has, as he has done so in the Canterbury Tales. This shows that Chaucer as a person is not restrained by public opinion and especially makes this a reality with The Millers Tale. The ending in my opinion has a deeper meaning and shows that what we have stereo typed the old ages with is wrong and Chaucer has allowed us to see what reality was really like during his time. The fact that I mentioned earlier that applies to the position of the Tale in the book shows that Chaucer has contrasted a noble story with a kind of opposite with deceit and dishonorable actions and Chaucer has deliberately does this to show us that The Millers Tale was accepted then and is a kind of pub joke. The tale itself and the ending show that these ideals are true as the people then had found this amusing even though it was offending to some. The hot poker trick may have been included to show that no sin is not punished, as Chaucer may have been deeply religious at the times.

The Battle of Valverde - American Civil War

The Battle of Valverde - American Civil War The Battle of Valverde was fought February 21, 1862, during the American Civil War (1861-1865). On December 20, 1861, Brigadier General Henry H. Sibley issued a proclamation claiming New Mexico for the Confederacy. To support his words, he advanced north from Fort Thorn in February 1862. Following the Rio Grande, he intended to take Fort Craig, the capital at Santa Fe, and Fort Union. Marching with 2,590 ill-equipped men, Sibley neared Fort Craig on February 13. Within the forts walls were around 3,800 Union soldiers led by Colonel Edward Canby. Unsure of the size of the approaching Confederate force, Canby employed several ruses, including the use of wooden Quaker guns, to make the fort look stronger. Judging Fort Craig to be too strong to be taken by direct assault, Sibley remained south of the fort and deployed his men with the goal of enticing Canby to attack. Though the Confederates remained in position for three days, Canby refused to leave his fortifications. Short on rations, Sibley convened a council of war on February 18. Following discussions, it was decided to cross the Rio Grande, move up the east bank, and capture the ford at Valverde with the goal of severing Fort Craigs lines of communication to Santa Fe. Advancing, the Confederates camped to the east of the fort on the night of February 20-21. Armies Commanders: Union Colonel Edward Canby3,000 men Confederate Brigadier General Henry H. Sibley2,590 men The Armies Meet Alerted to the Confederate movements, Canby dispatched a mixed force of cavalry, infantry, and artillery under Lieutenant Colonel Benjamin Roberts to the ford on the morning of February 21. Slowed by his guns, Roberts sent Major Thomas Duncan ahead with the cavalry to hold the ford. As Union troops were moving north, Sibley ordered Major Charles Pyron to scout the ford with four companies from the 2nd Texas Mounted Rifles. Pyrons advance was supported Lieutenant Colonel William Scurrys 4th Texas Mounted Rifles. Arriving at the ford they were surprised to find Union troops there. Quickly taking​ a position in a dry river bed, Pyron called for aid from Scurry. Opposite, Union guns moved into place on the west bank, while the cavalry advanced in a skirmish line. Despite possessing a numerical advantage, the Union forces did not attempt to assault the Confederate position. Arriving on the scene, Scurry deployed his regiment to Pyrons right. Though coming under fire from Union forces, the Confederates were unable to respond in kind as they were largely equipped with pistols and shotguns which lacked sufficient range. The Tide Turns Learning of the standoff, Canby departed Fort Craig with the bulk of his command only leaving a force of militia to guard the post. Arriving on the scene, he left two regiments of infantry on the west bank and pushed the remainder of his men across the river. Pounding the Confederate position with artillery, Union forces slowly gained the upper hand on the field. Aware of the growing fight at the ford, Sibley also sent reinforcements in the form of Colonel Tom Greens 5th Texas Mounted Rifles and elements of the 7th Texas Mounted Rifles. Ill (or drunk), Sibley remained in camp after delegating field command to Green. Early in the afternoon, Green authorized an attack by a company of lancers from the 5th Texas Rifles. Led by Captain Willis Lang, they surged forward and were met by heavy fire from a company of Colorado volunteers. Their charge defeated, the remnants of the lancers withdrew. Assessing the situation, Canby decided against a frontal attack on Greens line. Instead, he sought to force the Confederate left flank. Ordering Colonel Christopher Kit Carsons untested 1st New Mexico Volunteers across the river, he advanced them, along with Captain Alexander McRaes artillery battery, to a forward position. Seeing the Union assault forming, Green ordered Major Henry Raguet to lead an attack against the Union right to buy time. Charging forward, Raguets men were repulsed and the Union troops began advancing. While Raguets men were being turned back, Green ordered Scurry to prepare an attack on the Union center. Surging forward in three waves, Scurrys men struck near McRaes battery. In fierce fighting, they succeeded in taking the guns and shattering the Union line. His position suddenly collapsing, Canby was forced to order a retreat back across the river though many of his men had already begun to flee the field. Aftermath of the Battle The Battle of Valverde cost Canby 111 killed, 160 wounded, and 204 captured/missing. Sibleys losses totaled 150-230 killed and wounded. Falling back to Fort Craig, Canby resumed a defensive position. Though he had won a victory in the field, Sibley still lacked sufficient forces to successfully attack Fort Craig. Short on rations, he elected to continue north towards Albuquerque and Santa Fe with the goal of re-provisioning his army. Canby, believing his was out-numbered elected not to pursue. Though he ultimately occupied both Albuquerque and Santa Fe, Sibley was forced to abandon New Mexico after the Battle of Glorieta Pass and the loss of his wagon train. Sources History of War: Battle of ValverdeTSHA: Battle of ValverdeFort Craig National Historic Site

Relation between Rap Music and Violence Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Relation between Rap Music and Violence - Essay Example Rap music is a form of art which reflects the real life situations. The influence of rap music on teenagers is a hotly debated topic in America. Some people believe that rap music can create violent character and attitudes among teenagers while others strongly oppose this argument. Lots of studies have been conducted in America in order to measure the influence of rap music on deviant behaviours of teenagers and young adults. Findings of different studies again failed to reach a consensus in concluding whether rap music inject violence or not. This paper briefly analyses the rap music influences on teenagers. â€Å"After studying 522 black girls between the ages of 14 and 18 from non- urban, lower socioeconomic neighborhoods, researchers found that compared to those who never or rarely watched these videos, the girls who viewed these gangsta videos for at least 14 hours per week were far more likely to practice numerous destructive behaviors. (Kirchheimer) The above research also concluded that the rap music listeners may hit the teachers three times more than an average teenager. Moreover these teenagers may have multiple sex partners and quiet often more volatile to the spreading of sexually transmitted diseases, drug and alcohol addiction.

Business plan for a new entrepreneurial business Research Paper

Business plan for a new entrepreneurial business - Research Paper Example The target segment is mostly the old people who need to take medicine at the right time and at the right amount. The product AutoMed will serve that purpose by alerting the patient to take the medicine at the required time. The plan gives a brief overview of the company’s product offerings as well as the industry analysis and market analysis. Company description Company history The company, Digital Medical Instruments is a US based company was the brain child of few experts in the field of medical sciences. Founded in the year 2009, the company was quick to identify the growing needs and pains of the consumers in terms of healthcare solutions. Coming together in the form of a team, the team of experts wanted to provide value for money end user products related to the medical field, which will provide greater benefits to the patients and their family members, thereby helping them to derive a greater value for the money spent on purchasing medicine and medical services in times of global financial slowdown. Mission statement The Mission objectives for the company is to cater to the growing the needs of the customers for individualized healthcare products at affordable prices, while promoting quality for the products The vision of the company is to be the most preferred vendor for providing of healthcare based products and services to the individual clients within a span 6 years, from now. Products and services The product offering of the company is AutoMed. AutoMed is a highly technologically advanced modern day healthcare equipment for the end users. AutoMed’s main purpose is to cater to the needs of the sick and old patients, who prefer to stay independent despite their health related weaknesses. In order to prevent them from skipping their medications at prescribed intervals and to cut the costs of maintaining a healthcare person to look after their medication needs, the AutoMed will remind the patients by alerting them to take the prescribed med icines with the exact dosages. This device will also enable the family members of the patients to have a peaceful day at work, with the assurance that the device will alert their dear ones to take the prescribed medicines at the right time. Current status The company is planning to venture into the consumer market by attempting to tap the demand arising out of personal needs of the patients on a regular basis in the domestic front. Legal Status & Ownership The company is formed by a team of highly motivated, entrepreneurial team of medical experts who have the much needed skills and relative business acumen to understand the needs of the consumers in a better way, when it comes to managing physical healthcare in the

Against Fracking Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Against Fracking - Essay Example The desire to reach to this natural gas has created uncontrolled ecological and economical problems to the rural communities (Gale Cengage Learning, p110). This has come about due to the leaks and accidents that have polluted the rivers, streams and drinking water supplies. The regions where these activities are carried out are characterized by high levels of smog and at the same time the airborne pollutants such as carcinogens. The rural persons face a lot of ambush of heavy truck traffic usually overloaded with the hazardous chemicals used in drilling (John & Sons, p35). Most parts of New York is targeted by the oil and gas industry especially Marcellus Shale. This part underlies most part of New York. In reality, there is no doubt that natural gas extraction does have a lot of unconstructive consequences for local environment in which it occurs in any fossil fuel extraction. The fact that fracking allows people to put the carbon that is down beneath our feet into the atmosphere adds up the problems of green house effect leading to global warming. Despite the fact that most of the sandstones, limestone and shale far below the earth surface contain very large amounts of natural gas that was formed by the decomposed dead organisms and that these gas can be released and captured for our use while such rocks are drilled the effects of this activities should be assessed in terms of their pros and cons based on the empirical facts or evidences and more so on other available sources of energy (John & Sons, p48). Based on this some of the facts about fracking in Pennsylvania is the fact that it is a method used to extract natural gas implanted within shale rock far below the earth surface. The Marcellus Shale assembles underneath huge sections of the Upper Delaware River watershed region and across a great swath of land in Northern, Western and South Central Pennsylvania. Second is that low volume, vertical fracking has been

Obesity: History, BMI Classification, Determinants and Effects

Obesity: History, BMI Classification, Determinants and Effects OBESITY Obesity is fast becoming a serious epidemic in the United States due partly to eating habits and physical inactivity amongst Americans. According to the Centre for Disease Control, Seventy-three percent of adults and 43 percent of all children in the United States are overweight or obese. Among African-Americans 20 years and over, more than two-thirds are overweight or obese (Gaines, 2010). Generally, the rate of overweight and obesity are higher for African-American and Hispanic women than Caucasian women, higher in the south and Midwest and increases with age (Ogden et al., 2014; Gregg et al., 2009; Sherry et al., 2010). According to the World Health Organization, body mass index (BMI) of an obese person has a value greater than or equal to thirty. Type 2 diabetes and high blood pressure are two diseases that ultimately affect African Americans and this is predominantly caused by an increase in weight as those extra pounds predisposes a person to these diseases (Gaines, 2010). Obes ity is one of the primary risk factor for heart diseases, diabetes and a number of cancers and these are major causes of death in American today. The health implication of obesity and the complications associated with it is increasingly becoming more detrimental than cigarette smoking and has therefore become one of the major preventable causes of death worldwide. This investigation paper focuses on the brief history of obesity; this will take obesity from its discovery over 2000 years to this present day. An understanding of the BMI classification, aetiological determinants, pathophysiology and health effects is important if obesity prevalence will be curtailed. Furthermore, the socio economic impact of obesity management on the United States economy will be looked into. Finally, its treatment options, prevention and trends of the disease will be discussed. HISTORY OF OBESITY The Ancient Greeks were the first to acknowledge obesity as a health disorder and this was further recognized by the Ancient Egyptians in a similar way. According to Hippocrates, corpulence is not only a disease itself, but the harbinger of other diseases (Haslam & James, 2005). Hippocrates which was the Ancient Greek Father of Western medicine acknowledged obesity in his work and details of various diseases including diabetes was first given by him. Another Indian surgeon Sushruta, also discovered the association between obesity, diabetes and heart diseases and he was the first person to find out the significant signs, symptoms, causes and health implications. In the Ancient days, man always strived for food due to scarcity or famine and this resulted in obesity being regarded as a sign of wealth and good fortune in the middle age. However, all this changed when the scientific society of the 20th century revealed the medical implications of obesity (Caballero B., 2007) With the inception of the industrial revolution, body size and strength of soldiers and workers became pertinent as this was attributed to the military and economic power of Nations (Caballero, 2007). The increase in the average body mass index from underweight to the normal on the BMI charts played an important role in the development of industrialized societies (Caballero, 2007).   Therefore in the 19th century, there was an increase in weight and height generally. However, during the 20th century, the genetic potentials for height was reached and this resulted to weight increasing more than height in this century and thus resulted in the average increase in BMI (Caballero, 2007). In human evolution, for the first time, the number of adults with excess weight exceeded the number of those who were underweight which further led to obesity (Caballero, 2007). The perceptions of the public as regards healthy body weight varied from those regarded as normal in the western society, but this perception was changed in the beginning of the 20th century. There was a reduction in the weight seen as normal since 1920s and this was evident by the 2% increase in average height of the Miss America pageant winners and a 12% decrease in weight between year 1922 and 1999 (Rubinstein & Caballero, 2000). Also, the perception of most people as regards healthy weight has changed, for example in Britain the weight at which people regarded themselves to be overweight was considerably higher in 2007 than in 1999 (Johnson & Wardle, 2008). Obesity is still regarded as an indication of wealth and well-being in many parts of Africa and this has become more widespread since the HIV epidemic began (Haslam & James, 2005). BODY MASS INDEX (BMI) CLASSIFICATION According to the World Health Organization, Body Mass Index (BMI) is a simple index of weight-for-height that is commonly used to classify underweight, normal weight, overweight and obesity in adults. It is defined as the weight in kilograms divided by the square of the height in metres (kg/m2) (W.H.O. 2004). For example, an adult who weighs 60kg and whose height is 1.65m will have a BMI of 22.0. BMI = 60 kg / (1.65 m2) = 60 / 2.72 = 22.04 LEAN BODY MASS Lean Body Mass is a component of body composition, it is calculated by subtracting body fat weight from total body weight. Total body weight is lean plus fat. In equations: LBM = BW − BF Lean Body Mass equals Body Weight minus Body Fat LBM + BF = BW Lean Body Mass plus Body Fat equals Body Weight Lean Body Weight (men) = (1.10 x Weight(kg)) 128 ( Weight2/(100 x Height(m))2) Lean Body Weight (women) = (1.07 x Weight(kg)) 148 ( Weight2/(100 x Height(m))2) Ideal Body Weight (men) = 50 + 2.3 ( Height(in) 60 ) Ideal Body Weight (women) = 45.5 + 2.3 ( Height(in) 60 ) Body Mass Index = Weight(kg) / Height(m)2 The table below further explains the classification of BMI in relation to the weight and height of an individual. Table 1: The International Classification of adult underweight, overweight and obesity according to BMI Source: Adapted from WHO, 1995, WHO, 2000 and WHO 2004. BMI values are age dependent and are the same for both males and females (WHO, 2000). The health risks associated with increasing BMI are many and the interpretation of BMI values in relation to risk may vary for different populations in different geographical locations (WHO, 2004). AETIOLOGY DETERMINANTS OF OBESITY Obesity is a heterogeneous group of conditions with numerous causes, it is not merely a single disorder and it is predominantly expressed phenotypically (Susan A.J, 1997). Obesity is hereditary, but the genetic component does not follow simple Mendelian principles and the effect of the genotype on the aetiology of obesity may be decreased or increased by factors that are non-genetic (Susan A.J, 1997). Several factors determine the body weight, and these are interactions of genetic, environmental and psychosocial factors which are in relation to the amount of energy consumed and the amount of energy expended and the resulting acting through the physiological mediators Table 1: The International Classification of adult underweight, overweight and obesity according to BMI of energy intake and energy expenditure and the resulting equilibrium between both (Susan A.J, 1997). ENDOCRINE AND HYPOTHALAMIC DISORDERS Certain endocrinological disorders may lead to obesity, but this applies to a very small percentage of the total number of cases (Susan A.J, 1997). The endocrinological determinants of obesity have been reviewed recently (Bouchard C., Perusse L., Leblanc C., Tremblay A, & Theriault, 1988). The single disorder that causes obesity in this group is hypothyroidism in which increased weight occurs largely as a result of reduced energy expenditure (Susan A.J, 1997). Other endocrinological factors contributing to obesity include Cushing’s syndrome and disorders of corticosteroid metabolism, where weight gain is typically accompanied by a distinctive prototype of fat deposition in the trunk, sex hormone disorders including hypogonadism in men and ovariectomy in women, insulinoma and growth hormone deficiency (Susan A.J, 1997). The key causes of weight gain in these cases are the amount of energy intake. Certain hypothalamic tumors or damage to the hypothalamic part of the brain as a result of excessive exposure to radiation, infectious agents or head trauma can also lead to obesity with defect in appetite control and hyperphagia (Susan A.J, 1997). A hypothalamic disorder is also believed to be the foundation of a number of congenital abnormalities which could also result in obesity, e.g. Prader-Willi syndrome, which is an abnormality that could be a primary cause of obesity (Susan A.J, 1997). GENETIC INFLUENCE At a population level, the genetic influence of obesity is expressed in terms of heritability (Susan A.J, 1997). This refers to the percentage of the total difference in a character which is attributable to genetic factors (Susan A.J, 1997). The heritability of obesity may be considered either in terms of the total fatness of an individual or the distribution of body fat in an individual (Susan A.J, 1997). Several discoveries have been made over the years regarding the influence of genetics on chronic diseases like cardiovascular disease and obesity (R. C. Whitaker, J.A. Wright, M.S. Pepe, K.D. Seidel, &W.H. Dietz., 1997). Recent reports indicate that at least 32 genes contribute to common forms of obesity. Many of these genes are thought to be related to the development of obesity through the deregulation metabolic hormones in the body (Susan A J, 1997).   The obesity related variant in the fat mass and obesity-associated protein also known as alpha-ketoglutarate-dependent dioxygenase FTO, has aroused interest in pediatrics due to its relationship with increased weight and ponderal index at 2 weeks of age (A. Lopez-Bermejo, C.J. Petry, M. Diaz, et al., 2008). FTO is located on the long arm of the chromosome 16 and is expressed in the brain, specifically the hypothalamic nuclei (Khung E. Rhee et al. 2012). Those who are homogenous for the at-risk allele have been found to be 3kg heavier than those who do not have the allele (T.M. Frayling, N. J. Timpson, M. N. Weedon et al. 2007). This weight gain is likely due to the gene’s involvement in the regulation of energy intake (Khung E. Rhee et al. 2012). According to recent studies, individuals carrying the at-risk allele prefer dense energy foods (J.E Cecil, R. Tavendale, P. Watt, M. M. Hetherington, & C.N.A Palmer, 2008), have reduced feeling of satiety (J. Wardle, S. Carnell, C.M.A. Haworth, I.S. Farooqi, S. O’Rahilly, & R. Plomin, 2008), display loss of control over eating (M. Tanofsky-Kraff, J.C. Han, K. Anandalingam et al. 2009), consume more fat and calories (even after adjusting for BMI) (N. J. Timpson, P.M. Emmett, T.M. Frayling, et al. 2008) and display a greater tendency towards consuming palatable foods after eating a meal (J. Wardle, C.Llewellyn, S. Sanderson, & R. Plomin, 2009). Therefore, FTO isn’t associated with energy expenditure, but it increases the susceptibility of individuals to higher calorie consumption and decreased satisfaction. A meta- analysis of 45 studies found that adults who were physically active attenuate the odds of obesity associated with FTO by almost 30% (T.O. Kilpelainen, L. Qi, S. Brage, et al. 2011). Thus carrying a gene for obesity does not necessarily predestine one to be obese (D. Meyre, K. Proulx, H. Kawagoe-Takaki et al. 2010), but rather increases the risk in the face of an obesogenic environment (Khung E. Rhee et al. 2012). Numerous studies in different ethnic groups suggest that the familial correlation in the total body fatness, expressed as body mass index, (BMI; kg/m2) from parent to offspring is about 0.2 and for sibling-sibling relationships about 0.25 (Bouchard C, Perusse L, Leblanc C, Tremblay A, Theriault G. 1988). As would be expected, studies of twins show a much higher concentration, particularly in monozygotic pairs (Susan A.J, 1997). However, these findings do not segregate the independent effects of genetic transmission and a shared environment (Susan A.J, 1997). Further studies of twins reared apart attribute 50-70% of the difference in BMI in later life to genetic factors (Stunkard A, Harris J, Pedersen N, McClearn G. 1990). Adoption studies, where an individual is compared both to their biological parent and their adopted parents, have also demonstrated the importance of genetic influences (Susan A.J, 1997). There is a strong relationship between the BMI of the adoptee and their biological parents across the entire range of fatness, but no relationship between the adoptee and their adoptive parents (Stunkard A, Sorensen T, Hanis C. et al. 1986). Studies of fat distribution have considered both the ratio of subcutaneous to total fat mass and the distribution of subcutaneous fat in the trunk relative to the limbs (Susan A.J, 1997). Data from the Quebec Family Study, suggest that the size of the internal fat stores are more strongly influenced by genetic factors than subcutaneous depots (Bouchard C., Perusse L., Leblanc C., Tremblay A, Theriault, 1988). Familial clustering suggests that genetic factors may account for 37% of the variance in the trunk to extremity skin fold thickness ratio (Rice T, Bouchard C, Perusse L, Rao D. 1995). These combined evidence from these genetic analysis suggests that obesity is a polygenic disorder and that a considerable proportion of the variance is non-additive (Susan A.J, 1997). This would explain the higher correlations between siblings than those between parent and offspring, and the 2-fold greater correlation between monozygotic than dizygotic twins (Susan A.J, 1997). These genetic influences seem to operate through susceptible genes; the occurrence of the gene increases the risk of developing a characteristic but not essential for its expression nor is it, in itself, sufficient to explain the development of the disease (Susan A.J, 1997). Unlike animal models, where a number of single genes can lead to obesity, no human obesity gene has yet been characterized, but the heterogeneous nature of human obesity does not preclude the identification of small number of individuals with a single defect which leads to obesity (Susan A.J, 1997). In man, a number of genetically determined conditions result in excess body weight or fatness (e.g Prader-Willi syndrome or Bardet-Biedl syndrome), but these account for only a very small proportion of the obese population (Susan A.J, 1997). PHYSIOLOGICAL MEDIATORS Energy expenditure Studies in animals have postulated that at the time of overfeeding, a remarkable increase in metabolic rate may deplete the excess energy thus reducing the rate of weight gain below theoretical values (Rothwell N., Stock M., 1983). Genetically obese animals tend to gain more weight than their lean controls even when they are pair-fed, thus implying a greater metabolic rate (Thurby P., Trayhurn P., 1979). One possible explanation for this effect is the decrease in diet-induced thermogenesis which is lessened in animal models of obesity due to a decrease in the sympathetic activation of brown adipose tissue (Rothwell N., Stock M., 1983). These unequivocal effects on energy expenditure in obese animals contrast with the paucity of evidence in humans (Susan A Jebb, 1997). Susan A.J (1997) stated that in obese humans, there have been constant reports of abnormally low energy intake which indirectly imply that there must be a defect in energy expenditure. There are three basic elements to energy expenditure which have each been the focus of extensive research. Basal Metabolic Rate In 1997, Susan A Jebb defined basal or resting metabolic rate as the energy expended by an individual at rest, following an overnight fast and at a comfortable environmental temperature in the thermo neutral range. Several studies of basal metabolic rate have concluded that obese subjects have a higher BMR compared to their lean counterparts. Researchers like Swinburn B. & Ravussin E, reported that approximately 80% of the inter- individual variance in BMR can be accounted for by age, fat-free mass, fat mass and gender. Nevertheless, this still gives room for some likelihood that inter-individual difference in BMR which may influence individuals with a relatively low BMR to become obese (Susan A. Jebb, 1997). Diet induced thermogenesis A number of studies have suggested that the post-prandial increase in energy expenditure is attenuated in obese subjects, perhaps due to decreased Sympathetic Nervous System activity (Astrup A. 1996). Similar effects have also been demonstrated in the post-obese. However this is not a consistent finding, even among studies from the same laboratory. A recent review by Ravussin E. & Swinburn B. (1993) identified 28 studies in favour of a defect in thermogenesis in humans and 17 against. However, since thermogenesis accounts for only a fraction of total energy expenditure (approximately 10%), the potential for a significant effect on total energy expenditure is insufficient (Susan A. Jebb 1997). Physical activity The most significant component of energy expenditure is physical activity which may represent 20-50% of total energy expenditure. Studies of fidgeting movements in Pima Indians within a whole-body calorimeter have shown significant inter-individual variations in the daily energy cost of these actions from 400-3000 kJ/day, with low levels predictive of subsequent weight gain at least in males but not females (Zurlo F., Ferraro R., Fontvielle A. et. al. 1988). However, in free-living conditions, the freedom to undertake conscious physical activity or exercise increases the inter-individual variability even further (Susan A Jebb). Research in this area has been hampered by imprecision in the methods to measure physical activities which have included various actometers, heart rate monitoring, activity diaries and direct observation (Susan A. Jebb, 1997). The energy requirements of an individual encompass the summation of basal expenditure, thermogenesis and physical activity. A whole-body calorimeter can be used to measure the total energy expenditure of an individual. The analysis of total energy expenditure in 319 obese subjects clearly demonstrates a significant increase in energy expenditure with increasing body weight such that individuals with a BMI in excess of 35 kg/m2 have energy expenditure approximately 30% higher than those with BMI less than 25 kg/m2 (Susan A Jebb, 1997). The outstanding difficulty with these studies , as stated by Susan A. Jebb in 1997 is that the increase in energy expenditure seen in obese subjects as a result of their increased body size may mask pre-existing metabolic defects in the pre-obese state which exposes the individual to excessive weight gain. However, in experimental overfeeding researches, there is no remarkable difference in the degree of weight gain between lean and obese subjects when matched for their excess energy intake (Diaz E. Prentice A. M et. al. 1992).   Studies of total energy expenditure in post-obese subjects have not arrived at a definite conclusion; some studies show no difference in energy expenditure in the post-obese relative to never-obese controls (Goldberg G.R., et. al. 1991), whilst others show a modest suppression of energy expenditure (Geissler C. Miller D., Shah M. 1987). In general, there is little evidence to support the hypothesis that human obesity may be due to a specific defect in energy expenditure in predisposed individuals (Susan A Jebb, 1997). Susan A Jebb further stated that advocates of a metabolic basis to obesity, argue that only very small differences in energy expenditure are neccessary to produce significant weight gain over many years, and this difference may be lower than the limits of precision of even the most advanced methodology. Energy Intake The failure to identify a defect in the metabolic control of energy expenditure and the contrary observation of high levels of energy expenditure, and the contrary observation of high levels of energy expenditure in obese subjects has led to a focus on food intake to explain the aetiology of obesity (Susan A Jebb, 1997). The increase in energy expenditure associated with the development of obesity should automatically help to prevent continued weight gain; hence the failure of this auto-regulatory system suggests that there must be a considerable error in the regulation of food intake (Susan A Jebb, 1997). Furthermore, habitually lean individuals are able to regulate intake to match energy requirements over a wide range of energy requirements yet those who become obese seem unable to achieve this balance (Susan A Jebb, 1997).   Breakthrough in discerning the role of energy intake in the aetiology of obesity has been critically disconcerted by under-reporting which is now largely recognized as a feature of obesity (Susan A Jebb, 1997). Comparisons of energy intake and energy expenditure indicate consistent shortfalls in self-reported intake, averaging approximately 30% of energy requirements in obese subjects (Prentice A.M., Black A.E., Coward W.A., 1986; Lichtman S., Pisarska K., Berman E., et al., 1993). This phenomenon also extends to post-obese subjects and to others who may be very weight conscious (Susan A Jebb, 1997). Under-reporting may be cause by several factors and it is natural for individuals to change their eating pattern when they are to record their food intake.   This is usually associated with a reduction in intake as subjects consciously or sub-consciously adopt a self-imposed ‘diet’. (Susan A Jebb, 1997). Therefore they might give accurate results about their intake for that duration, but it may not be a true representation of their habitual pattern. Forgetfulness, underestimation of meal size and lack of basic knowledge of food consumption can also lead to under-reporting. Although, it is possible to have falsification and fabrication of dietary records, there are also instances of self-deception or deliberate manipulation of dietary records. Recent research into the appetite control system by Blundell J.; Bouchard C., Bray G. (1996), has identified a network of synchronous interactions which govern eating behavior. These effects are mediated through the central nervous system particularly the hypothalamus, where a number of neuropeptides appear to regulate feeding behavior via effects on hunger and satiety (Susan A Jebb, 1997). Laboratory studies of feeding behavior by Spiegel T., et al., in 1989, proposed that, following a convert energy preload, obese subject may be less able to accurately compensate for the energy content of the preload at a subsequent meal than lean subjects. However, these studies are usually of short duration in laboratory settings and may not accurately reflect eating behavior in a naturalistic setting, where knowledge of foods consumed and conditioned learning may invoke other regulatory processes (Susan A Jebb, 1997). There is also significant evidence that the individual macronutrients (protein, fat, carbohydrate and alcohol) have different influences on eating behavior, majorly due to their effects on satiety (Stubbs R., 1995). Experimental studies of manipulated foods and retrospective analyses of dietary records suggest that protein is the most satiating (DeCastro J., 1987; Hill A., Blundell J., 1990). Carbohydrate is also an efficient inhibitor of later food consumption, at least in the short terms, meal-to-meal context (Rolls B., et al. 1994). Fat seems to have a satiating capacity (Lawton C., Burley V., 1993). Fat hyperphagia occurs during a single meal due to subjects overeating high fat foods and is also known as passive over consumption. In 1994, Poppitt S., stated that fat has two times the energy per gram of carbohydrate or protein which may be due to the level of energy density and not necessarily a characteristic of dietary fat. Appetite is said to be stimulated by alcohol and according to DeCastro J & Orozco (1990), in free living circumstances, alcohol consumption with meals is associated with higher energy intakes, but this may also reflect that alcohol is more likely to be consumed on special occasions which in themselves are associated with increased food intake. Basically, taste preference can have an effect on the amount of food consumed and the kind of food.   The individual preference for certain meals would make them more likely to consume more of that meal. Therefore, sensory preferences plays a role on energy balance since is it associated with energy intake. According to Witherley S, Pangborn R & Stern J (1980), several reports of sensory preferences for particular food groups in association with obesity, but inter-subject variability is so great as to obscure any underlying obese-lean differences. The relationship between sensory preference for fat versus sugar and BMI was pinpointed by Drewnowski in 1992. Obese women had preference for foods with high fat to sugar ratio while women with low BMI had preference for high sugar to fat ratio, therefore increase in weight is closely related to increase for fatty foods. Eating frequency has effect on weight gain, because people who eat several small meals at intervals have less weight than those that eat fewer meals in larger quantity and therefore large quantity of food consumed at a time may be a risk factor for obesity, however, studies as regards this, showed no remarkable relationship (Bellisle F, McDevitt R, Prentice A.M. 1997). Research in this area is contradicted by under-reporting of food consumption in obese subjects and by post-hoc variations in eating patterns as a result of obesity and efforts to control weight (Susan A Jebb, 1997). Eating frequency in obese subjects is however an unreliable blueprint to the eating patterns involved in the aetiology of obesity (Susan A Jebb, 1997). ENVIRONMENTAL INFLUENCE Obesogenic environment which was first coined in the 1990s, in a bid to explain the present obesity epidermic. According to King D (2007), obesogenic environment is the sum of the influences that the surroundings, opportunities or conditions of life have on promoting obesity in individuals and populations. This encompasses the cultural, social and infrastructural conditions that affect the ability of a person to embrace a healthy lifestyle. Individuals in a population respond to unhealthy environment and the more urbanized the environment, the more individuals are pressurized to adopt unhealthy habits. The pressure from the surrounding makes it difficult for individuals to change their lifestyle and practice healthy habits when the environment itself is unhealthy. Environmental factors may have a critical effect in the development of obesity by unmasking genetic or metabolic susceptibilities (Susan A.J, 1997). Environmental influences on diet involve a wide range of factors including accessibility to food and high calorie drinks. Eating habits are commonly influenced by the availability and accessibility of unhealthy food, which is an important consideration in the effect on obesity. Studies in the United States recommend that the availability of high quality, affordable ‘healthy’ food is limited for people who reside in low-income communities and such scarcity is associated with unhealthy diet and obesity (White 2007) .However despite several epidemiological studies that shows environmental influences play an important role in the aetiology of obesity, it is a fact that some people within the same ‘unhealthy environment’ still managed to maintain a healthy weight (Susan A.J, 1997). PSYCHO-SOCIAL INFLUENCES Food is sometimes used as a coping mechanism by individuals with weight issues, especially when they are unhappy, nervous, stressed, bored and depressed. In many obese individuals there seems to be a perpetual cycle of mood disturbance, overeating, and weight gain (Jennifer C. Collins & Jon E. Bentz 2009). When they feel frustrated, they rely on food for comfort, even though this coping mechanism may pacify their mood, the resultant weight gain that results may cause a dysphoric mood due to their inability to control their stress (Jennifer C. Collins & Jon E. Bentz, 2009). Eventually a guilty feeling may restart the cycle and might steer a habitual pattern of eating food to get comfort. This habitual pattern is specifically significant if there is a genetic risk factor for obesity or an ‘obesogenic’ environment where foods high in calorie & density are readily accessible and sedentary lifestyle is present. Regrettably, these situations are popular in America. In addition to depression and anxiety, other risk factors include problematic eating behaviors such as â€Å"mindless eating,† frequent snacking on high calories foods, overeating, and night eating (Glinski J., Wetzler S., Goodman E.2001). American Psychiatric Association has currently included Binge eating disorder (BED) in an appendix of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV-TR) and is characterized by: recurrent episodes of eating during a discrete period of time (at least 2 days a week over a 6 month period); eating large quantity of food than majority of the people would eat at the same time; a feeling of loss of control during the episodes; and guilt or distress following the episodes (Jennifer C. Collins & Jon E. Bentz, 2009). According to Wadden T.A., Sarwer D. B., Fabricatore A. N., Jones L., Stack R., & Williams N.S (2007), BED is estimated to occur in approximately 2% of the general population and between 10% and 25% of the bariatric population. An important differentiation pointed out by the American Psychiatric Association, between BED and bulimia/anorexia is that BED is not associated with any regular compensatory behaviors, such as purging, fasting, or excessive exercise. It can therefore be implied that the majority of individuals with BED are overweight. Night eating, which was first identified in 1955 as another disorder that can lead to remarkable weight gain, though night eating syndrome (NES) is not currently recognized by the American Psychiatric Association as a distinct diagnosis in the DSM-IV-TR. Night eating syndrome is characterized by excessive late night consumption (> 35% of daily calories after the evening meal), unhealthy eating patterns, â€Å"morning anorexia,† insomnia, and distress (Stunkard A. J., Grace W. J. & Wolff H. G. 1955). NES occurs in approximately 1% of the general population and an estimated 5-20% of the bariatric population (Wadden T.A., Sarwer D. B., Fabricatore A. N., Jones L., Stack R., & Williams N.S. 2007). More recently, NES has been seen as a disorder of circadian rhythm that includes a delay of appetite in the mornings and the continuation of appetite and over consumption of food during the night (Jennifer C. Collins & Jon E. Bentz, 2009). PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF OBESITY There are several possible pathophysiological mechanisms involved in the advancement and prolongation of obesity. This field of research had been almost unapproached until the leptin gene was discovered in 1994 by J. M. Friedman’s laboratory (Zhang, Y., Proenca, R., Maffei, M., Barone, M., Leopold, L., Friedman, J.M., 1994). These researchers proposed that leptin was a satiety element. However, soon after J. F. Caro’s laboratory could not ascertain any mutations in the leptin gene in humans with obesity. In 1995, Considine, RV; Considine, EL; Williams, CJ; Nyce, MR; Magosin, SA; Bauer, TL; Rosato, EL; Colberg, J., & Caro, J.F. proposed a contrary view that Leptin expression was increased, postulating the possibility of Leptin-resistance in human obesity. Since the discovery of leptin, insulin, ghrelin, orexin, cholecystokinin, adipokines, peptide tyrosine tyrosine, as well as many other mediators have been researched. The adipokines are intermediators produced by adipose tissue; their action is thought to revise many obesity-related diseases. Leptin and ghrelin are considered to be interrelated in their effect on appetite, with ghrelin produced by the stomach regulating short-term appetitive control (i.e. hunger pangs when the stomach is empty and satiety when the stomach is stretched). Leptin is created by adipose tissue to signal fat storage reservoirs in the body, and mediates long-term appetitive controls (i.e. to eat more when fat storages are low and less when fat storages are high). Although administration of leptin may be effective in a small subset of obese humans who have deficiency in leptin, most obese humans are considered to be leptin resistant and have been found to have high levels of leptin (Hamann A., & Matthaei S. 1996). This resistance is thought to explain in part why administration of leptin has not been shown to be effective in suppressing appetite in most obese people (Flier J.S. 2004). Leptin and ghrelin act on the hypothalamus and are produced peripherally. They control appetite through their actions on the central nervous system. They act on the hypothalamus, a region of the brain central to the coordination of food consumption and energy expenditure. There are several circuits within the hypothalamus that contribute to its performance in integrating appetite, the melanocortin pathway being the most well understood (Flier J.S. 2004). The circuit starts with an region of the hypothalamus, the arcuate nucleus, that has outputs to the lateral hypothalamus (LH) and ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH), the brains feeding and satiety centers, respectively (Boulpaep, Emile L., Boron, & Walter F. 2003). According to Flier J.S. (2004), the arcuate nucleus contains two distinct groups of neurons; the first group co expresses neuropeptide Y (NPY) and agouti-related peptide (AgRP) and has stimulatory inputs to the LH and inhibitory inputs to the VMH and the second group coexpresses pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) and cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript (CART) and has stimulatory inputs to the VMH and inhibitory inputs to the LH (Flier J.S. 2004). Consequently, NPY/AgRP neurons stimulate feeding and inhibit satiety, while POMC/CART neurons stimulate satiety and inhibit feeding (Flier J.S. 2004). Both groups of arcuate nucleus neurons are regulated in part by leptin. Leptin inhibits the NPY/AgRP group while stimulating the POMC/CART group (Flier J.S. 2004).   Researches done by Flier J.S., 2004, thus concluded that a deficiency in leptin signaling, either via leptin deficiency or leptin resistance, leads to overfeeding and may account for some genetic and acquired forms of obesity. EFFECT ON HEALTH Obesity is a severe medical condition and a chronic health issue worldwide. The association between body weight and mortality is a subject of concern, especially in regards to the optimal weight for longevity (JoAnn E. Manson, M.D., Walter C. Willett, M.D., et al, 1995). The significance of understanding the true relationship between weight and mortality is underlined by the increasing prevalence of obesity in the United States (Kuczmarski RJ, et al, 1994) especially women (Harlen WR, et al, 1988). Obesity is a major risk factor for cardiovascular diseases (e.g., heart disease, stroke and high blood pressure), diabetes (e.g. type 2 diabetes), musculoskeletal disorders (e.g., osteoarthritis), some cancers (e.g., endometrial, breast, and colon cancer), high total cholesterol or high levels of triglycerides, liver and gallbladder diseases, sleep apnea and respiratory problems, reproductive health complications such as infertility and mental health conditions (WHO, 2012). Obesity and Cancer Obese people are more vulnerable to cancer and their prognosis is extremely worse when diagnosed. Men that are obese are 33% more likely to die from cancer and obese women also have a 50% higher likelihood of dying from breast cancer (Weight Management Centre, 2010). Additional to obesity, cancer has recently been linked to diet and physical activity status (Bray 2004, Barnard 2004, Wiseman 2008). The cancers most significantly associated with obesity in women are cervical, uterine, kidney, breast and endometrial cancer and in men are colon, pancreatic and liver cancer (Calle, Rodriguez, Walker-Thurmond & Thun 2003). One study, using National Cancer Institute Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results data, estimated that in 2007 in the United States, about 34,000 new cases of cancer in men (4 percent) and 50,500 in women (7 percent) were due to obesity. The percentage of cases attributed to obesity varied widely for different cancer types but was as high as 40 percent for some cancers, particularly endometrial cancer and esophageal adenocarcinoma (National Cancer Institute, 2012). Obesity and cardiovascular disorders Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is one of the major cause of death in U.S. Obese people are more liable to die from CVD largely due to accelerated atherosclerosis, hyperlipidaemia, loss of glyceamic control and hypertension. Until recently the relationship between obesity and coronary heart disease was viewed as indirect, i.e., through covariates related to both obesity and coronary heart disease risk (Lew E.A., Garfinkel L., 1979) including hypertension; dyslipidemia, particularly reductions in HDL cholesterol; and impaired glucose tolerance or non–insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Insulin resistance and accompanying hyperinsulinemia are typically associated with these comorbidities (Reaven G.M., 1988). Although most of the comorbidities linking obesity to coronary artery disease increase as BMI increases, they also relate to the total distribution of body fat. Long-term longitudinal studies, however, indicate that obesity as such not only relates to but independently predicts coronary atherosclerosis (Manson J.E., et al., 1995; Garrison R. J., et al. 1985; Rabkin S.W., 1977). Messerli F. H. (1982) stated that left ventricular hypertrophy is mostly seen in patients with obesity and is related to systemic hypertension and may be related to the severity of obesity. Hypertension is approximately three times more commonly found in obese individuals than normal-weight persons (Van Itallie T.B., 1985). This relationship may be directly related such that when weight increases, there is an increase in blood pressure (Kannel W.B., Brand N., et al., 1967) and when weight decreases, blood pressure also decreases (Reisin E., Frohlich E.D., et al., 1983). Obesity and mental health Individuals diagnosed with obesity tend to be less favorable on all levels of the psychological assessment and may exhibit several symptoms ranging from mere sadness to chronic depression. Evident are more episodes of mood swings, anxiety, personality and eating disorders, basically related to or associated with obesity experienced by individuals with obesity (Pickering, Grant, Chou, Compton 2007). Obesity may be an inception of psychiatric manifestations and vice versa and is related to psychosocial deterioration and bias based on weight. This comprises of loss of self-worth, and reduced self-esteem associated with stigmatization. Stigmatization can further lead to desolation and withdrawal and thus many obese individuals seek solace in binge eating, thereby gaining more weight. Based on reports from Roberts, Deleger, Strawbridge & Kaplan 2003; Herva, Laitinen, Miettunen, Veijola, Karvonen & Lasky 2006; Kasen, Cohen, Chen &Must 2008, concern, shame and guilt associated with low self-worth, which is finally related to excessive food consumption completes the obesity-mental disorder circle. There is bias and discrimination associated with obesity. They generally report reduced quality of life and functional wellbeing, collectively called Health-related quality of life (HRQOL) (Puhl & Brownell 2001; Wadden & Phelan 2002). This relationships is majorly expressed by women (Fontaine 2001) and for people with severe obesity (Hudson, Hiripi, Pope & Kessler 2007; Scott, Bruffaerts, Siomn, Alonso, Angermeyer, de Girolamo et al. 2008). Obesity and diabetes Diabetes is usually a terminal illness. i.e. it is a lifelong chronic disease characterized by high levels of sugar in the blood. One of the major risk factors for diabetes is obesity. Obesity is directly associated with Diabetes 2. The association between obesity and type 2 diabetes are firmly established and without the intervention of a healthy diet and proper exercise, obesity can lead to type 2 diabetes over a very short period of time.   In fact, obesity is believed to account for 80-85% of the risk of developing type 2 diabetes, while recent research suggests that obese people are up to 80 times more likely to develop type 2 diabetes than those with a BMI of less than 22 (National Health Service, 2014). It is a known fact that obesity carries a greater risk of developing type 2 diabetes, especially if you have excess weight around your abdomen. Studies postulates that abdominal fat causes fat cells to releases ‘pro-inflammatory’ chemicals, which can reduce the body’s sensitivity to the insulin, this can also disrupt the function of insulin responsive cells and their ability to react to insulin. This is known as insulin resistance   which is a primary activator for type 2 diabetes. Excess abdominal fat is a major high-risk form of obesity. SOCIO-ECOMOMIC/ FINANCIAL COST OF OBESITY In 1999-2000, nearly 65 percent of U.S. adults were either obese or overweight. Obesity accounts for $117 billion a year in direct and indirect economic costs. Obesity is associated with 300,000 deaths per year, and is fast becoming the leading cause of preventable deaths† (Mancino, Lin, and Ballenger, 2004). Certainly, obesity has become a large problem in America. Recent increase in meal portions and reduction in availability of natural food production may propose why people find it challenging to maintain a healthy diet. Although, certain People have been successful at maintaining a healthy nutritional status and avoiding this unhealthy situation. Gary Becker’s human capital theory is a groundwork that helps to clarify the effect of weight status on the economy in terms of the labor market outcomes for the individual. Human capital is the educational qualification, job experience/training, and the health condition that workers devote their time in to boost their capacity and skills to be â€Å"rented out† to employers (Ehrenberg and Smith, 2005). Healthy weight status in relation to labour is a type of human capital investment. According to Robert Pindyck and Daniel Rubinfeld (2004), â€Å"When an investment decision is made, the investor commits to a current outlay of expenses in return for a   stream of expected future benefits.† These stated costs for a healthy weight may include buying of food with high nutritional values and creating time for physical activities. As an investment, the individual sacrifices money, time and other resources to attain a healthy weight to become more productive in the future and, hence, earn higher income. Obese workers miss more days of work and inflict more cost on employers especially in medical and disability claims and also workers compensation claims. As a result, firms end up with extra costs associated with obesity, this is one of the economic effects of obesity. Obesity places significant burden on the society through health care expenditures and disability payments combined through group health insurance and public programs. The estimated annual medical cost of obesity in the U.S. was $147 billion in 2008 U.S. dollars; the medical costs for people who are obese were $1,429 higher than those of normal weight (CDC, 2011). Obesity there has direct and indirect effect on the Nation’s resources, as more money is spent on the obese due to the high risk of comorbidity with other life threatening diseases like type 2 diabetes, osteoarthritis and cardiovascular diseases. TREATMENT There are several weight-loss schemes available but many are ineffectual and short-term, especially for those who are morbidly obese. The strategies for weight loss with non-surgical programs usually involve a combination of diet modification, behavior modification therapy and appropriate exercise. Dietary Modification Dietary modifications for obesity are designed to create a negative energy intake-energy expenditure balance (i.e., calories consumed < calories expended) by reducing daily energy intake below the required level. The required energy varies by weight, sex and level of physical exercise such individuals with higher weights, more activity have greater energy needs, including men (Melanson K. & Dwyer J. 2002). Uniformly, higher energy deficits results in higher weight losses. Low calorie diet is recommended for obese individuals and they are advised to check calorie content of meals before consumption. Very low calorie diet is recommended for morbidly obese individuals with little or no success in low diet consumption. Behaviour Therapy The oldest report of the use of behavioral therapy in the management of obesity occurred in 1967. Since then, it has been widely used in the management of obesity (Gupta R. & Misra A. 2007). Behavior therapy involves setting out goals and principles to patients to aid their adherence to the diet modification and activity goals for weight loss. Conventional tactics include self-monitoring of food intake and exercise, reduced portion of meals and number of times of food intake, intellective restructuring, problem solving, and prevention of regression. The primary aim of behavior modification therapy is to change eating pattern and exercise practices to promote weight loss (CDC, 2011). Components of behavioral therapy Self-monitoring: This is one of the main elements of behavior therapy in obesity. Self-monitoring includes maintaining food dairies and activity logs (Guare J.C., et. Al., 1989).Stimulus Control: This is the second key element in behavior therapy. In this element, focus is placed on altering the environment that initiates eating and modifying it to help prevent overeating. Stimulus control includes proper purchase of food items, excluding energy-dense processed food and introducing more fruits and vegetables (Wing R.R., 2004) Slower eating: Reducing the speed of eating so as to allow signals for fullness come into play.Goal setting: Setting realistic goals for one’s self or setting goals for patients as appropriate (Bandura A. & Simon K.M., 1977). Behavioral contracting: Reinforcing of successful outcomes or rewarding good behaviors plays a key role (Volpp K. G., et. al., 2008).Education: Nutritional education is a necessary component of a successful behavior therapy for obesi ty. A structured meal plan in conjunction with consultation with a dietician will be helpful (Pedersen S. D., et. al., 2007).Social support: Behavioral modification is more sustainable in the long term when there is social support. Enhancing social support is essential for behavioral therapy (Avenell A. et. al., 2004). Physical activity Physical activity is the third component of non-surgical weight loss interventions and lifestyle modification. The advantages of physical activities include promoting negative energy balance by maximizing calorie expenditure, preserving fat-free part during weight loss, and improving cardiovascular fitness. Physical activity, however, is ineffective in weight loss in the absence of diet modification. The greatest benefit of physical activity is in facilitating the maintenance of weight loss (Pronk N.P & Wing R.R. 1992). Case studies have shown that people who exercise regularly are more successful in maintaining weight losses than are those who do not exercise. Kayman S., Bruvold W., Stern J.S. 1990; Klem M.L., Wing R.R., McGuire M.T., Seagle H.M., Hill J.O.1997). Additional evidence comes from randomized trials. Participants who receive diet plus exercise maintain greater weight losses 1 year after treatment than do those who receive diet alone, although the differences are not always statistically significant (Wing, R.R. 1999). PREVENTION Obesity is a long-lasting medical condition, which is linked with several debilitating and life-threatening conditions. The increasing rate of obesity globally is a public health concern (Srinivas N., et. al., 2004). Hence an effective way to control obesity requires strategies that would tackle the major issues relating to prevention (Srinivas N., et. al., 2004). The treatment and prevention of obesity are interrelated. The prevention of obesity involves several levels i) Primary ii) Secondary iii) Tertiary (Timothy P.G., 1997). Primary prevention: The goal of primary prevention is to reduce the number of new cases. Diet modification/ healthy diet habits is a primary way of preventing obesity. Sedentary life style which is one of the causes of obesity can be prevented by appropriate exercises and activities that help burn out excess calories in the body and also prevent accumulation of fat. Simple habits ranging from 30 minutes walk in a day to weekly work out at the gymnasium can go a long way in maintaining a healthy weight. Health education is also very important in this aspect because some individuals in the community are unaware of the health implications of their habits. Appropriate health education programs should be organized to increase awareness. Accessibility to healthy food is also an important factor in the prevention of obesity. Formulations of policies that would facilitate healthy eating habit should be adopted by the Government; this would go a long way in reducing the economic effects of ob esity and the burden on the Nation’s resources. Policy and environmental approaches that make healthy choices available, affordable and easy can be used to extend the propagation of strategies designed to raise awareness and support people who would like to make healthy lifestyle changes (CDC, 2011).Secondary prevention: Secondary prevention is to lower the rate of established cases in the community (Srinivas N., et. al., 2004). Secondary prevention includes strategies to diagnose and treat an existing medical condition in its early stage to avoid complications. (Jeffery G.K., 2014). Tertiary prevention: Tertiary prevention is to stabilize or reduce the amount of disability related to obesity ((Srinivas N., et. al., 2004). For those who are already obese and showing signs and symptoms of complications, there are clinical preventive maintenance and treatment regimes (Srinivas N., et. al., 2004). These treatment includes medications and increase in fruit and vegetable consumpti on. Some extreme cases may include surgery and this is used usually when BMI exceeds 30kg/m2 or 40 kg/m2 and when other treatment options have failed. Examples of surgical procedures to treat obesity and its complications includes gastric partitioning and gastric by-pass (Srinivas N., et. al., 2004). REFERENCES Allison, B. D., Fontaine, R. K., Manson, E. J., & VanItallie, B. T. (1999). Annual deaths attributable to obesity in the United States. Journal of American Medical Association , 282 (16), 1530-8. Barness, A. L., Opitz, M. J., & Gilbert, E. (2007). 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